Rare 17th-Century Portrait Comes to Pasadena
As one of the world’s most powerful empires was crumbling, its line of succession was also in dire straits. After losing his first wife and only son to smallpox, Philip IV of Spain faced an urgent need for a male heir. So, to consolidate the dynastic power of his family, Philip IV married his 14-year-old niece, Mariana of Austria, who had originally been betrothed to his late son. Following their marriage, a portrait of Spain’s new queen consort was commissioned. Last month, the Norton Simon Mu








